These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | |
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sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later | El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p |
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632.
12Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch | |
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Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p |
Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G.
28The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | |
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See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |