| "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Peter Teed 1992 , p | |
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| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol |
| sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later | Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G |
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| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
| These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |
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| Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch | 137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632.
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