| Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p | "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G |
|---|---|
| Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 | 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form |
5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account.
11| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | |
|---|---|
| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions |
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence.
19